A wearable health monitor developed by Washington State University (WSU) researchers can measure levels of important biochemicals in sweat during physical exercise.

The 3D-printed monitor could someday provide a simple and non-invasive way to track health conditions and diagnose common diseases, such as diabetes, gout, kidney disease or heart disease.

Reporting in the journal, ACS Sensors (pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssensors.4c00528), the researchers were able to monitor the levels of volunteers’ glucose, lactate and uric acid accurately as well as the rate of their sweating during exercise.

“Diabetes is a major problem worldwide,” said Chuchu Chen, a WSU PhD student and first author on the paper. “I think 3D printing can make a difference to the healthcare fields, and I wanted to see if we can combine 3D printing with disease detection methods to create a device like this.”

For their proof-of-concept health monitor, the researchers used 3D printing to make the health monitors in a one-step manufacturing process. The researchers used a single-atom catalyst and enzymatic reactions to enhance the signal and measure low levels of the biomarkers. Three biosensors on the monitor change colour to indicate the specific biochemical levels.

Sweat contains many important metabolites that can indicate health conditions, but, unlike blood sampling, it’s non-invasive. Levels of uric acid in sweat can indicate the risk of developing gout, kidney disease or heart disease. Glucose levels are used to monitor diabetes, and lactate levels can indicate exercise intensity.

“Sweat rate is also an important parameter and physiological indicator for people’s health,” said Kaiyan Qiu, assistant professor at WSU.

But the amount of these chemicals in sweat is tiny and can be hard to measure, the researchers noted. While other sweat sensors have been developed, they are complex and need specialised equipment and expertise to fabricate. The sensors also have to be flexible and stretchable.

“It’s novel to use single-atom catalysts to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of the health monitor,” said Annie Du, research professor at WSU (wsu.edu). Qiu and Du led the study.

The health monitor the researchers developed is made of very tiny channels to measure the sweat rate and biomarkers’ concentration. As they’re being fabricated via 3D printing, the micro-channels don’t require any supporting structure, which can cause contamination problems as they’re removed, said Qiu.

“We need to measure the tiny concentrations of biomarkers, so we don’t want these supporting materials to be present or to have to remove them,” he said. “That’s why we’re using a unique method to print the self-supporting microfluidic channels.”

When the researchers compared the monitors on volunteers’ arms with lab results, they found their monitor was accurately and reliably measuring the concentration of the chemicals as well as the sweating rate.

While the researchers initially chose three biomarkers to measure, they can add more, and the biomarkers can be customised. The monitors were also comfortable for volunteers to wear.

The researchers are now working to improve the device design and validation. They are also hoping to commercialise the technology. The WSU Office of Commercialization (commercialization.wsu.edu) has also filed a provisional patent application to protect the intellectual property associated with this technology.

The work was funded by the National Science Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, as well as through start-up funds.